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Total Carbon Column Observing Network
The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a global network of instruments that measure the amount of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and other trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere. The TCCON began in 2004 with the installation of the first instrument in Park Falls, Wisconsin, USA, and has since grown to 19 operational instruments worldwide.〔TCCON Webpage, https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu/Sites, accessed February 11, 2012〕
The TCCON is designed to investigate the flow (or flux) of carbon between the atmosphere, land, and ocean (the so-called carbon budget or carbon cycle). This is achieved by measuring the atmospheric mass of carbon (the airborne fraction). The TCCON measurements have improved the scientific community's understanding of the carbon cycle,〔Yang, Z., R. A. Washenfelder, G. Keppel-Aleks, N. Y. Krakauer, J. T. Randerson, P. P. Tans, C. Sweeney, and P. O. Wennberg (2007), New constraints on Northern Hemisphere growing season net flux, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(12), 1-6, . Available from: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL029742.shtml〕〔Chevallier, F. et al. (2011), Global CO 2 fluxes inferred from surface air-sample measurements and from TCCON retrievals of the CO2 total column, Geophysical Research Letters, 38(24), 1-5, . Available from: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/201...GL049899.shtml〕 and urban greenhouse gas emissions.〔Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Methods to Support International Climate Agreements, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12883.html〕 The TCCON supports several satellite instruments by providing an independent measurement to compare (or validate) the satellite measurements of the atmosphere over the TCCON site locations.〔http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/eng/gosat/page6.htm〕〔Boland, S. et al. (2009), The Need for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Measurements from Space : Contributions from a Rapid Reflight of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/363474main_OCO_Reflight.pdf〕 The TCCON will provide the primary validation dataset for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) mission.〔http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/science/validation/〕
==Measurement technique==
The main instrument at each TCCON site is a Fourier transform spectrometer that measures the absorption of direct sunlight by atmospheric trace gases. This remote sensing technique produces a precise and accurate measurement of the total column abundance of the trace gas. The main limitation to this technique is that measurements can not be recorded when it is not sunny (i.e. there are no measurements available at nighttime or when there is heavy cloud cover).〔Wunch, D., G. C. Toon, J.-F. L. Blavier, R. A. Washenfelder, J. Notholt, B. J. Connor, D. W. T. Griffith, V. Sherlock, and P. O. Wennberg (2011), The total carbon column observing network, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369(1943), 2087-2112, . Available from: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.o.../2087.full.pdf〕
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